A direct result of the APART grant is my continued interest in Yoga Tantra themes and all early Buddhist expressions of the mandala.

Early Buddhist Mandala

I have always been puzzled why East Asian mandalas lack the outer circles so typical of Tibetan mandala representations and only consist of the palace. A short study on early Buddhist mandala representations follows up on this subject.

Related Publications

• “The Many Faces of Buddha Vairocana.” In The All-Knowing Buddha: A Secret Guide, edited by Jan van Alphen. New York and Antwerp: Rubin Museum of Art and BAI, MAS Books, 2014: 12–23.
• “Mandala. Form, Funktion und Bedeutung.” In Tibet – Klöster öffnen ihre Schatzkammern, Essen: Kulturstiftung Ruhr Essen, Villa Hügel, 2006: 71–79.

Back to top